A. Bundesgesetz vom 21. Jänner 1988 über die Haftung für ein fehlerhaftes Produkt (Produkthaftungsgesetz), BGBl 1988/99, idF BGBl 1993/95, zuletzt geändert durch BGBlI 2001/98
Haftung
§ 1. (1) Wird durch den Fehler eines Produkts ein Mensch getötet, am Körper verletzt oder an der Gesundheit geschädigt oder eine von dem Produkt verschiedene körperliche Sache beschädigt, so haftet für den Ersatz des Schadens
1. der Unternehmer, der es hergestellt und in den Verkehr gebracht hat,
2. der Unternehmer, der es zum Vertrieb in den Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum eingeführt und hier in den Verkehr gebracht hat (Importeur).
(2) Kann der Hersteller oder - bei eingeführten Produkten - der Importeur (Abs. 1 Z 2) nicht festgestellt werden, so haftet jeder Unternehmer, der das Produkt in den Verkehr gebracht hat, nach Abs. 1, wenn er nicht dem Geschädigten in angemessener Frist den Hersteller beziehungsweise - bei eingeführten Produkten - den Importeur oder denjenigen nennt, der ihm das Produkt geliefert hat.
§ 2. Der Schaden durch die Beschädigung einer Sache ist nur zu ersetzen,
1. wenn ihn nicht ein Unternehmer erlitten hat, der die Sache überwiegend in seinem Unternehmen verwendet hat, und
2. überdies nur mit dem 500 Euro übersteigenden Teil.
Hersteller
§ 3. Hersteller (§ 1 Abs. 1 Z 1) ist derjenige, der das Endprodukt, einen Grundstoff oder ein Teilprodukt erzeugt hat, sowie jeder, der als Hersteller auftritt, indem er seinen Namen, seine Marke oder ein anderes Erkennungszeichen auf dem Produkt anbringt.
Produkt
§ 4. Produkt ist jede bewegliche körperliche Sache, auch wenn sie ein Teil einer anderen beweglichen Sache oder mit einer unbeweglichen Sache verbunden worden ist, einschließlich Energie.
Fehler
§ 5. (1) Ein Produkt ist fehlerhaft, wenn es nicht die Sicherheit bietet, die man unter Berücksichtigung aller Umstände zu erwarten berechtigt ist, besonders angesichts
1. der Darbietung des Produkts,
2. des Gebrauchs des Produkts, mit dem billigerweise gerechnet werden kann,
3. des Zeitpunkts, zu dem das Produkt in den Verkehr gebracht worden ist.
(2) Ein Produkt kann nicht allein deshalb als fehlerhaft angesehen werden, weil später ein verbessertes Produkt in den Verkehr gebracht worden ist.
In-Verkehr-bringen
§ 6. Ein Produkt ist in den Verkehr gebracht, sobald es der Unternehmer, gleich auf Grund welchen Titels, einem anderen in dessen Verfügungsmacht oder zu dessen Gebrauch übergeben hat. Die Versendung an den Abnehmer genügt.
Beweislastumkehr
§ 7. (1) Behauptet ein Hersteller oder ein Importeur, die Sache nicht in den Verkehr gebracht oder nicht als Unternehmer gehandelt zu haben, so obliegt ihm der Beweis.
(2) Behauptet ein in Anspruch Genommener, dass das Produkt den Fehler, der den Schaden verursacht hat, noch nicht hatte, als er es in den Verkehr gebracht hat, so hat er dies als unter Berücksichtigung der Umstände wahrscheinlich darzutun.
Haftungsausschlüsse
§ 8. Die Haftung kann nicht durch den Mangel eines Verschuldens, sondern nur durch den Nachweis ausgeschlossen werden, dass
1. der Fehler auf eine Rechtsvorschrift oder behördliche Anordnung zurückzuführen ist, der das Produkt zu entsprechen hatte,
2. die Eigenschaften des Produkts nach dem Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik zu dem Zeitpunkt, zu dem es der in Anspruch Genommene in den Verkehr gebracht hat, nicht als Fehler erkannt werden konnten oder
3. - wenn der in Anspruch Genommene nur einen Grundstoff oder ein Teilprodukt hergestellt hat - der Fehler durch die Konstruktion des Produkts, in welches der Grundstoff oder das Teilprodukt eingearbeitet worden ist, oder durch die Anleitungen des Herstellers dieses Produkts verursacht worden ist.
§ 9. Die Ersatzpflicht nach diesem Bundesgesetz kann im voraus weder ausgeschlossen noch beschränkt werden.
Solidarhaftung
§ 10. Trifft die Haftpflicht mehrere, so haften sie zur ungeteilten Hand. Ihre Haftung wird nicht dadurch gemindert, dass auch andere nach anderen Bestimmungen für den Ersatz desselben Schadens haften.
Mitverschulden des Geschädigten
§ 11. Trifft den Geschädigten oder jemanden, dessen Verhalten er zu vertreten hat, ein Verschulden, so ist § 1304 ABGB sinngemäß anzuwenden.
Rückgriff
§ 12. (1) Hat ein Ersatzpflichtiger Schadenersatz geleistet und ist der Fehler des Produkts weder von ihm noch von einem seiner Leute verursacht worden, so kann er vom Hersteller des fehlerhaften Endprodukts, Grundstoffs oder Teilprodukts Rückersatz verlangen. Sind mehrere rückersatzpflichtig, so haften sie zur ungeteilten Hand.
(2) Haben mehrere Haftende den Fehler mitverursacht, so richtet sich das Ausmaß des Anspruchs desjenigen, der den Schaden ersetzt hat, auf Rückersatz gegen die übrigen nach den Umständen, besonders danach, wie weit der Schaden von dem einen oder dem anderen Beteiligten verschuldet oder durch die Herbeiführung eines Fehlers des Produkts verursacht worden ist.
(3) Kann ein nach Abs. 1 oder 2 Rückersatzpflichtiger nicht festgestellt werden, so ist jeder Unternehmer rückersatzpflichtig, der das Produkt vor dem Rückersatzberechtigten in den Verkehr gebracht hat, wenn er nicht diesem in angemessener Frist den Hersteller oder denjenigen nennt, der ihm das Produkt geliefert hat.
Erlöschung
§ 13. Sofern nach diesem Bundesgesetz bestehende Ersatzansprüche nicht früher verjähren, erlöschen sie zehn Jahre nach dem Zeitpunkt, zu dem der Ersatzpflichtige das Produkt in den Verkehr gebracht hat, es sei denn, der Geschädigte hat seinen Anspruch inzwischen gerichtlich geltend gemacht.
Anwendung des ABGB
§ 14. Soweit in diesem Bundesgesetz nicht anderes bestimmt ist, ist auf die darin vorgesehenen Ersatzansprüche das Allgemeine bürgerliche Gesetzbuch anzuwenden.
Sonstige Ersatzansprüche
§ 15. (1) Bestimmungen des Allgemeinen bürgerlichen Gesetzesbuchs und anderer Vorschriften, nach denen Schäden in weiterem Umfang oder von anderen Personen als nach diesem Bundesgesetz zu ersetzen sind, bleiben unberührt.
(2) Dieses Bundesgesetz gilt nicht für Schäden durch ein nukleares Ereignis, die in einem von EFTA-Staaten und EG-Mitgliedstaaten ratifizierten internationalen Übereinkommen erfasst
sind.
Deckungsvorsorge
§ 16. Hersteller und Importeure von Produkten sind verpflichtet, in einer Art und in einem Ausmaß, wie sie im redlichen Geschäftsverkehr üblich sind, durch das Eingehen einer Versicherung oder in anderer geeigneter Weise dafür Vorsorge zu treffen, dass Schadenersatzpflichten nach diesem Bundesgesetz befriedigt werden können.
Zuschläge
§ 17. Als Importeur im Sinn des § 1 Abs. 1 Z 2 gilt überdies derjenige Unternehmer, der das Produkt zum Vertrieb von einem EFTA-Staat in die Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft oder von der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft in einen EFTA-Staat oder von einem EFTA-Staat in einen anderen EFTA-Staat eingeführt und hier in den Verkehr gebracht hat. Dies gilt ab dem Tag, an dem das Luganer Übereinkommen vom 16. September 1988 über die gerichtliche Zuständigkeit und die Vollstreckung gerichtlicher Entscheidungen in Zivil- und Handelssachen für einen EG-Mitgliedstaat oder einen EFTA-Staat in Kraft tritt, nicht mehr für diejenigen Staaten, die das Übereinkommen ratifiziert haben, insoweit auf Grund dieser Ratifikationen ein zugunsten des Geschädigten erwirktes nationales Urteil gegen den Hersteller oder den Importeur im Sinn des § 1 Abs. 1 Z 2 vollstreckbar ist.
Übergangsbestimmung, Vollziehung
§ 18. Dieses Bundesgesetz tritt mit 1. Juli 1988 in Kraft.
§ 19. Dieses Bundesgesetz ist auf Schäden durch Produkte, die vor seinem Inkrafttreten in den Verkehr gebracht worden sind, nicht anzuwenden.
§ 19a. (1) § 1 Abs. 1 Z 2, § 2, § 9, § 13, § 15 Abs. 2 und § 17 in der Fassung des Bundesgesetzes BGBl. Nr. 95/1993 treten zu demselben Zeitpunkt in Kraft wie das Abkommen über den Europäischen Wirtschaftsraums.
(2) Die Neufassung dieser Bestimmungen ist auf Schäden durch Produkte, die vor dem im Abs. 1 genannten Zeitpunkt in Verkehr gebracht worden sind, nicht anzuwenden.
(3) Die §§ 4 und 8 in der Fassung des Bundesgesetzes BGBl. I Nr. 185/1999 treten mit 1. Jänner 2000 in Kraft. Die Neufassung dieser Bestimmungen ist auf Produkte, die vor dem 1. Jänner 2000 in Verkehr gebracht worden sind, nicht anzuwenden.
(4) Die §§ 2 und 19a in der Fassung des Bundesgesetzes BGBl. I Nr. 98/2001 treten mit 1. Jänner 2002 in Kraft. § 2 ist in dieser Fassung auf Schäden durch Produkte, die vor diesem Tag in Verkehr gebracht worden sind, nicht anzuwenden.
§ 20. Mit der Vollziehung dieses Bundesgesetzes ist der Bundesminister für Justiz betraut.
B. Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products
COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products (85/374/EEC)
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and in particular Article 100 thereof,
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission (1),
Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament (2),
Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee (3),
Whereas approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning the liability of the producer for damage caused by the defectiveness of his products is necessary because the existing divergences may distort competition and affect the movement of goods within the common market and entail a differing degree of protection of the consumer against damage caused by a defective product to his health or property;
Whereas liability without fault on the part of the producer is the sole means of adequately solving the problem, peculiar to our age of increasing technicality, of a fair apportionment of the risks inherent in modern technological production;
Whereas libility without fault should apply only to movables which have been industrially produced; whereas, as a result, it is appropriate to exclude liability for agricultural products and game, except where they have undergone a processing of an industrial nature which could cause a defect in these products; whereas the liability provided for in this Directive should also apply to movables which are used in the construction of immovables or are installed in immovables;
Whereas protection of the consumer requires that all producers involved in the production process should be made liable, in so far as their finished product, component part or any raw material supplied by them was defective; whereas, for the same reason, liability should extend to importers of products into the Community and to persons who present themselves as producers by affixing their name, trade mark or other distinguishing feature or who supply a product the producer of which cannot be identified;
Whereas, in situations where several persons are liable for the same damage, the protection of the consumer requires that the injured person should be able to claim full compensation for the damage from any one of them;
whereas, to protect the physical well-being and property of the consumer, the defectiveness of the product should be determined by reference not to its fitness for use but to the lack of the safety which the public at large is entitled to expect; whereas the safety is assessed by excluding any misuse of the product not reasonable under the circumstances;
Whereas a fair apportionment of risk between the injured person and the producer implies that the producer should be able to free himself from liability if he furnishes proof as to the existence of certain exonerating circumstances;
Whereas the protection of the consumer requires that the liability of the producer remains unaffacted by acts or omissions of other persons having contributed to cause the damage; whereas, however, the contributory negligence of the injured person may be taken into account to reduce or disallow such liability;
Whereas the protection of the consumer requires compensation for death and personal injury as well as compensation for damage to property; whereas the latter should nevertheless be limited to goods for private use or consumption and be subject to a deduction of a lower threshold of a fixed amount in order to avoid litigation in an excessive number of cases; whereas this Directive should not prejudice compensation for pain and suffering and other non-material damages payable, where appropriate, under the law applicable to the case;
Whereas a uniform period of limitation for the bringing of action for compensation is in the interests both of the injured person and of the producer;
Whereas products age in the course of time, higher safety standards are developed and the state of science and technology progresses; whereas, therefore, it would not be reasonable to make the producer liable for an unlimited period for the defectiveness of his product; whereas, therefore, liability should expire after a reasonable length of time, without prejudice to claims pending at law;
Whereas, to achieve effective protection of consumers, no contractual derogation should be permitted as regards the liability of the producer in relation to the injured person;
Whereas under the legal systems of the Member States an injured party may have a claim for damages based on grounds of contractual liability or on grounds of non-contractual liability other than that provided for in this Directive; in so far as these provisions also serve to attain the objective of effective protection of consumers, they should remain unaffected by this Directive; whereas, in so far as effective protection of consumers in the sector of pharmaceutical products is already also attained in a Member State under a special liability system, claims based on this system should similarly remain possible;
Whereas, to the extent that liability for nuclear injury or damage is already covered in all Member States by adequate special rules, it has been possible to exclude damage of this type from the scope of this Directive;
Whereas, since the exclusion of primary agricultural products and game from the scope of this Directive may be felt, in certain Member States, in view of what is expected for the protection of consumers, to restrict unduly such protection, it should be possible for a Member State to extend liability to such products;
Whereas, for similar reasons, the possibility offered to a producer to free himself from liability if he proves that the state of scientific and technical knowledge at the time when he put the product into circulation was not such as to enable the existence of a defect to be discovered may be felt in certain Member States to restrict unduly the protection of the consumer; whereas it should therefore be possible for a Member State to maintain in its legislation or to provide by new legislation that this exonerating circumstance is not admitted; whereas, in the case of new legislation, making use of this derogation should, however, be subject to a Community stand-still procedure, in order to raise, if possible, the level of protection in a uniform manner throughout the Community;
Whereas, taking into account the legal traditions in most of the Member States, it is inappropriate to set any financial ceiling on the producer's liability without fault; whereas, in so far as there are, however, differing traditions, it seems possible to admit that a Member State may derogate from the principle of unlimited liability by providing a limit for the total liability of the producer for damage resulting from a death or personal injury and caused by identical items with the same defect, provided that this limit is established at a level sufficiently high to guarantee adequate protection of the consumer and the correct functioning of the common market;
Whereas the harmonization resulting from this cannot be total at the present stage, but opens the way towards greater harmonization; whereas it is therefore necessary that the Council receive at regular intervals, reports from the Commission on the application of this Directive, accompanied, as the case may be, by appropriate proposals;
Whereas it is particularly important in this respect that a re-examination be carried out of those parts of the Directive relating to the derogations open to the Member States, at the expiry of a period of sufficient length to gather practical experience on the effects of these derogations on the protection of consumers and on the functioning of the common market,
HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:
Article 1
The producer shall be liable for damage caused by a defect in his product.
Article 2
For the purpose of this Directive 'product' means all movables, with the exception of primary agricultural products and game, even though incorporated into another movable or into an immovable. 'Primary agricultural products' means the products of the soil, of stock-farming and of fisheries, excluding products which have undergone initial processing. 'Product' includes electricity.
Article 3
1. 'Producer' means the manufacturer of a finished product, the producer of any raw material or the manufacturer of a component part and any person who, by putting his name, trade mark or other distinguishing feature on the product presents himself as its producer. 2. Without prejudice to the liability of the producer, any person who imports into the Community a product for sale, hire, leasing or any form of distribution in the course of his business shall be deemed to be a producer within the meaning of this Directive and shall be responsible as a producer.
3. Where the producer of the product cannot be identified, each supplier of the product shall be treated as its producer unless he informs the injured person, within a reasonable time, of the identity of the producer or of the person who supplied him with the product. The same shall apply, in the case of an imported product, if this product does not indicate the identity of the importer referred to in paragraph 2, even if the name of the producer is indicated.
Article 4
The injured person shall be required to prove the damage, the defect and the causal relationship between defect and damage.
Article 5
Where, as a result of the provisions of this Directive, two or more persons are liable for the same damage, they shall be liable jointly and severally, without prejudice to the provisions of national law concerning the rights of contribution or recourse.
Article 6
1. A product is defective when it does not provide the safety which a person is entitled to expect, taking all circumstances into account, including:
(a) the presentation of the product;
(b) the use to which it could reasonably be expected that the product would be put;
(c) the time when the product was put into circulation.
2. A product shall not be considered defective for the sole reason that a better product is subsequently put into circulation.
Article 7
The producer shall not be liable as a result of this Directive if he proves:
(a) that he did not put the product into circulation; or
(b) that, having regard to the circumstances, it is probable that the defect which caused the damage did not exist at the time when the product was put into circulation by him or that this defect came into being afterwards; or
(c) that the product was neither manufactured by him for sale or any form of distribution for economic purpose nor manufactured or distributed by him in the course of his business; or
(d) that the defect is due to compliance of the product with mandatory regulations issued by the public authorities; or
(e) that the state of scientific and technical knowledge at the time when he put the product into circulation was not such as to enable the existence of the defect to be discovered; or
(f) in the case of a manufacturer of a component, that the defect is attributable to the design of the product in which the component has been fitted or to the instructions given by the manufacturer of the product.
Article 8
1. Without prejudice to the provisions of national law concerning the right of contribution or recourse, the liability of the producer shall not be reduced when the damage is caused both by a defect in product and by the act or omission of a third party.
2. The liability of the producer may be reduced or disallowed when, having regard to all the circumstances, the damage is caused both by a defect in the product and by the fault of the injured person or any person for whom the injured person is responsible.
Article 9
For the purpose of Article 1, 'damage' means:
(a) damage caused by death or by personal injuries;
(b) damage to, or destruction of, any item of property other than the defective product itself, with a lower threshold of 500 ECU, provided that the item of property:
(i) is of a type ordinarily intended for private use or consumption, and
(ii) was used by the injured person mainly for his own private use or consumption.
This Article shall be without prejudice to national provisions relating to non-material damage.
Article 10
1. Member States shall provide in their legislation that a limitation period of three years shall apply to proceedings for the recovery of damages as provided for in this Directive. The limitation period shall begin to run from the day on which the plaintiff became aware, or should reasonably have become aware, of the damage, the defect and the identity of the producer.
2. The laws of Member States regulating suspension or interruption of the limitation period shall not be affected by this Directive.
Article 11
Member States shall provide in their legislation that the rights conferred upon the injured person pursuant to this Directive shall be extinguished upon the expiry of a period of 10 years from the date on which the producer put into circulation the actual product which caused the damage, unless the injured person has in the meantime instituted proceedings against the producer.
Article 12
The liability of the producer arising from this Directive may not, in relation to the injured person, be limited or excluded by a provision limiting his liability or exempting him from liability.
Article 13
This Directive shall not affect any rights which an injured person may have according to the rules of the law of contractual or non-contractual liability or a special liability system existing at the moment when this Directive is notified.
Article 14
This Directive shall not apply to injury or damage arising from nuclear accidents and covered by international conventions ratified by the Member States.
Article 15
1. Each Member State may:
(a) by way of derogation from Article 2, provide in its legislation that within the meaning of Article 1 of this Directive 'product' also means primary agricultural products and game;
(b) by way of derogation from Article 7 (e), maintain or, subject to the procedure set out in paragraph 2 of this Article, provide in this legislation that the producer shall be liable even if he proves that the state of scientific and technical knowledge at the time when he put the product into circulation was not such as to enable the existence of a defect to be discovered.
2. A Member State wishing to introduce the measure specified in paragraph 1 (b) shall communicate the text of the proposed measure to the Commission. The Commission shall inform the other Member States thereof.
The Member State concerned shall hold the proposed measure in abeyance for nine months after the Commission is informed and provided that in the meantime the Commission has not submitted to the Council a proposal amending this Directive on the relevant matter. However, if within three months of receiving the said information, the Commission does not advise the Member State concerned that it intends submitting such a proposal to the Council, the Member State may take the proposed measure immediately.
If the Commission does submit to the Council such a proposal amending this Directive within the aforementioned nine months, the Member State concerned shall hold the proposed measure in abeyance for a further period of 18 months from the date on which the proposal is submitted.
3. Ten years after the date of notification of this Directive, the Commission shall submit to the Council a report on the effect that rulings by the courts as to the application of Article 7 (e) and of paragraph 1 (b) of this Article have on consumer protection and the functioning of the common market. In the light of this report the Council, acting on a proposal from the Commission and pursuant to the terms of Article 100 of the Treaty, shall decide whether to repeal Article 7 (e).
Article 16
1. Any Member State may provide that a producer's total liability for damage resulting from a death or personal injury and caused by identical items with the same defect shall be limited to an amount which may not be less than 70 million ECU.
2. Ten years after the date of notification of this Directive, the Commission shall submit to the Council a report on the effect on consumer protection and the functioning of the common market of the implementation of the financial limit on liability by those Member States which have used the option provided for in paragraph 1. In the light of this report the Council, acting on a proposal from the Commission and pursuant to the terms of Article 100 of the Treaty, shall decide whether to repeal paragraph 1.
Article 17
This Directive shall not apply to products put into circulation before the date on which the provisions referred to in Article 19 enter into force.
Article 18
1. For the purposes of this Directive, the ECU shall be that defined by Regulation (EEC) No 3180/78 (1), as amended by Regulation (EEC) No 2626/84 (2). The equivalent in national currency shall initially be calculated at the rate obtaining on the date of adoption of this Directive.
2. Every five years the Council, acting on a proposal from the Commission, shall examine and, if need be, revise the amounts in this Directive, in the light of economic and monetary trends in the Community.
Article 19
1. Member States shall bring into force, not later than three years from the date of notification of this Directive, the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof (1).
2. The procedure set out in Article 15 (2) shall apply from the date of notification of this Directive.
Article 20
Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the main provisions of national law which they subsequently adopt in the field governed by this Directive.
Article 21
Every five years the Commission shall present a report to the Council on the application of this Directive and, if necessary, shall submit appropriate proposals to it.
Article 22
This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
Done at Brussels, 25 July 1985.
For the Council
The President
J. POOS
(1) OJ No C 241, 14. 10. 1976, p. 9 and OJ No C 271, 26. 10. 1979, p. 3.
(2) OJ No C 127, 21. 5. 1979, p. 61.
(3) OJ No C 114, 7. 5. 1979, p. 15.
(1) OJ No L 379, 30. 12. 1978, p. 1.
(2) OJ No L 247, 16. 9. 1984, p. 1.
(1) This Directive was notified to the Member States on 30 July 1985.
