Tags
You are viewing GOVERNMENT, All items
Lucy Moxham
Senior Fellow, Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law
Biography Lucy Moxham joined the Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law at BIICL in January 2012. She is a Senior Research Fellow in the Rule of Law, and her research interests cover international human rights law, European and UK human rights law, and the Rule of Law. Lucy is leading the second phase of the Bingham Centre's Rule of Law Monitoring of Legislation project 2023-25, including its work as Secretariat for the All-Party Parliamentary Group on the Rule of Law. She is also project supervisor…
GOVERNMENTThe King’s Speech and the Rule of Law
3rd November 2023
What is the King's Speech? The State Opening of Parliament will take place on Tuesday 7th November. In his first King's Speech since becoming monarch, King Charles III will open Parliament and set out the government's legislative programme for the new parliamentary session. While there is no fixed length for a parliamentary session, they usually run from spring to spring. However, the 2022-2023 session was extended to give the government more time to get through its legislative agenda.…
GOVERNMENT+2National implementation of human rights: Global survey of State implementation systems and processes
Lucy Moxham | 13th June 2023
Project overview The Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law, the University of Bristol, the Universal Rights Group, and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP conducted a global survey over the course of 2020 to 2023 to understand the systems and processes that States have put in place to implement, report and follow-up on their international human rights commitments. There is a significant burden on States to report to all relevant human rights bodies and to follow-up and implement their many…
GOVERNMENT+1Launch of the Independent Commission on UK Public Health Emergency Powers
13th October 2022
The Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law is delighted to announce the launch of the 'Independent Commission on UK Public Health Emergency Powers' to review the UK's legislative framework and institutional arrangements, alongside Government decision-making during the Covid-19 pandemic. The aim is that the Independent Commission's findings and recommendations will help to inform planning for future public health emergencies. More immediately, the Commission will make recommendations to inform…
COVID-19+2The Rule of Law and the so-called “Bill of Rights” Bill
6th July 2022
The Bingham Centre is monitoring and responding to the Government's plans to repeal the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) and replace it with a so-called "Bill of Rights". In December 2020, the Government established an Independent Human Rights Act Review to consider the operation of the HRA and whether any change is needed. The Independent Review's final report was published on 14 December 2021, and mostly recommended maintaining the status quo with no major reforms to the HRA.…
GOVERNMENT+1Does the Vienna Convention provide a legal off-ramp for unilaterally changing the Northern Ireland Protocol?
13th June 2022
Reposted with permission from UK Constitutional Law Association Blog The Northern Ireland Protocol is part of the Withdrawal Agreement, designed to set out the legal parameters of the withdrawal of the UK from the EU. The Government proposes to introduce legislation to unilaterally change the Protocol. On the face of it, this would appear to place the Government on the highway to a breach of international law. But are there any off-ramps which allow it to avoid this destination?…
EUROPE+2Weekly Update 6 May 2022
6th May 2022
Weekly Update 6 May 2022 Dear Friends, This week, elections have taken place for local councils across the UK and for the Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly. Whereas the former may have political consequences in the wake of the Prime Minister's Fixed Penalty Notice for breaching COVID-19 restrictions, the latter elections may have more direct consequences for the Rule of Law. The results for the Stormont Assembly may influence the Government's attempts to renegotiate the Protocol on Ireland/Northern…
COVID-19+2Weekly Update 29 April 2022
29th April 2022
Weekly Update 29 April 2022 Dear Friends, What is the state of the Rule of Law in Europe today, and what can be done to strengthen it? This question has become ever more important - even for mainstream politicians - in the context of the war in Ukraine, increasingly bitter disputes about democratic "backsliding", and a growing body of regional Rule of Law standards and monitoring mechanisms. For some, the European Rule of Law glass is half-full, while others insist that it is half-empty. This…
CITIZENSHIP+4Weekly Update 17 December 2021
17th December 2021
Weekly Update 17 December 2021 Dear Friends, It has been a dramatic week. The UK Government's cavalier attitude to the Rule of Law was partly responsible for the collapse in the Prime Minister's political authority over his own MPs on Tuesday, as almost 100 of them voted against the latest Coronavirus measures, amidst mounting anxiety that the system for making such significant laws in a hurry is no longer fit for purpose. And the growing sense that the Government considers itself above…
CITIZENSHIP+8Modifying Retained EU law in the UK: Increasing Rule of Law Concerns?
22nd October 2021
This post has been cross-posted with the kind permission of the RECONNECT blog. Introduction Despite withdrawal from the EU, the UK remains committed to constitutional values that are also found in Article 2 TEU. Indeed, the EU-UK future relationship is predicated upon both parties upholding fundamental rights and the Rule of Law . In the European Union (Withdrawal) Act (EU(W)A) 2018 , the UK government decided to keep all EU law in force in the UK after Brexit as a…
EUROPE+2The Rule of Law and Climate Action
Guy Beringer | 21st June 2021
The Rule of Law and Climate Action - Interview with Guy Beringer CBE Guy Beringer CBE is Co-Chair of the Bingham Centre Development Board and was formerly the Senior Partner of Allen & Overy. In this interview he speaks to Richard Lui, MSNBC / NBC presenter, as part of Climate Action Live 2021, an event which featured speakers including Michelle Bachelet, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights; Mary Robinson, chair of The Elders; Sir Richard Branson and Jude Law. Climate Action…
GOVERNMENT+1A new instrument to uphold the Rule of Law in EU Member States: the ‘Regulation on a general regime of conditionality for the protection of the Union budget’ and its contested implementation
22nd January 2021
This piece has been cross-posted with permission from the RECONNECT blog, where it was first published on 19 January 2021. A survey commissioned by the European Parliament conducted in the 27 Member States shows that 77% of European Union (EU) citizens agree that EU funds should be made conditional upon the national government's implementation of the rule of law and of democratic values. On 16 December 2020, the EU adopted the "Regulation on a general regime of conditionality for the…
EUROPE+2Overseas Operations (Service Personnel and Veterans) Bill: A Rule of Law Analysis
19th January 2021
Executive Summary The Overseas Operations (Service Personnel and Veterans) Bill restricts prosecutions of service personnel and restricts legal claims against the Ministry of Defence and service personnel. This Report sets out Rule of Law concerns about the contents of the Bill. The uncomfortable truths behind this Bill are that sometimes service personnel have been the subject of prolonged legal jeopardy, and sometimes service personnel have broken the laws of war. Under…
GOVERNMENT+2BIICL Statement on Amendments to the UK Internal Market Bill
10th November 2020
BIICL welcomes amendments made to the UK Internal Market Bill The British Institute of International and Comparative Law welcomes amendments made to the UK Internal Market Bill on Monday 9 November by the House of Lords that have removed a proposed power for Ministers to legislate "notwithstanding" international law. The proposed power amounted to a repudiatory breach of international obligations under the Withdrawal Agreement, a treaty which the UK freely entered into earlier this year. Compliance…
GOVERNMENT+1A Barrier against the new incoming tide? The UK Internal Market Bill and Dispute Resolution under the Withdrawal Agreement and the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland (23 September update)
23rd September 2020
This piece is cross-posted with the kind permission of the UK Constitutional Law Association blog. The piece originally appeared on 17 September 2020 . This version has been updated in light of developments, and feedback received on the original version. The author is grateful to Steve Peers and Andrew Chapman in this regard. Brexit déjà vu On 14 September 2020, the United Kingdom Internal Market Bill ('UKIMB' or 'the Bill') passed at Second Reading in the House of Commons. The…
EUROPE+2Immigration and Social Security Co-ordination (EU Withdrawal) Bill: A Rule of Law Analysis
22nd July 2020
Executive Summary The Immigration and Social Security Co-ordination (EU Withdrawal) Bill will end freedom of movement for EU citizens. Although the broad policy thrust of the Bill is clear, there is a conspicuous lack of detail. This undermines the Rule of Law value of legal certainty. Parliament is being asked to sign a blank cheque, leaving it to the Government to fill in the details later. The inclusion of very broad Henry VIII powers allowing the Secretary of State to make regulations…
EUROPE+2“Social Distancing” of Emergency Legislation during the Covid-19 Pandemic
14th July 2020
This piece has been cross-posted with the kind permission of the UKCLA blog . Ordinary legislation is different in its content and method of enactment from emergency legislation. But the risk is that the longer the Covid-19 pandemic continues, the less distinct these two types of law become, and that emergency legislation becomes the new normal. The structural solution proposed to this problem is "social distancing" of emergency legislation - that emergency laws are kept separate and…
GOVERNMENT+1Nyasha Weinberg and Claudia Pagliari: Covid-19 reveals the need to review the transparency and independence of scientific advice
25th June 2020
This piece was originally co-authored with Prof. Claudia Pagliari, Senior Lecturer in Primary Care and Informatics, the University of Edinburgh, for the UK Constitutional Law Association Blog . The tragedy of Covid-19 demonstrates the profound, life-saving, importance of good advice. It is essential that the governance system enables the best possible provision of scientific advice, a mechanism for correcting sub-optimal advice, and clarity around the difference between scientific…
GOVERNMENTDr Ronan Cormacain appearing before the Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee
Ronan Cormacain | 16th June 2020
Dr Ronan Cormacain, who leads our work monitoring legislation for Rule of Law compatibility, appeared before the Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee of the House of Commons this week to give evidence in its inquiry into the Government's response to Covid-19 and the use of the Coronavirus Act 2020. The Committee were interested in hearing about the choice of legislative vehicle for the Government's exercise of powers: Coronavirus Act 2020, Public Health (Control of Disease)…
GOVERNMENTAmerica risks confusing the Rule of Law with Rule by Law
3rd June 2020
Last weekend Donald Trump proclaimed himself America's president of "law and order", going on to demand the protection of the "crown jewel of American democracy: the rule of law and our independent system of justice". Calls for the rule of law are a common refrain among Republican presidents, yet current events in the US present a vivid reminder of the need to strictly differentiate between rule of law, and rule by law. The preposition is key: "rule of law" requires equality before the law…
GOVERNMENT+1Instinct or rules: making moral decisions in the Cummings scandal
29th May 2020
This piece has been cross-posted with the kind permission of the UK Constitutional Law Association Blog. How should individuals conduct themselves during a public health emergency, and more specifically how much reliance should we have on "instinct" and "rules"? Dominic Cummings, the Prime Minister's chief adviser, has been accused of breaking the social distancing rules. The allegations revolve around travelling from London to Durham to isolate himself and his family, as…
GOVERNMENT+1Can I go to the park please Dad? Everyday lessons in legal certainty in the English Coronavirus Regulations
19th May 2020
This post analyses the changes made on 13 May 2020 to the coronavirus social distancing regulations for England. The criterion for analysis is the basic Rule of Law requirement of legal certainty. Certainty allows us to plan our actions, lets the police know what it is they should be enforcing, and most importantly stops us from inadvertently breaking the law. The very limited case-study is the question posed in many households today - can I go to the park please Dad? The legislative…
GOVERNMENTParliament must legislate on the government’s plans for contact tracing apps
6th May 2020
On 4 May the Joint Committee on Human Rights took evidence from the Information Commissioner, academics and the CEO of NHSX on the risks to the right to privacy (Article 8 ECHR) if a contact tracing app is introduced to track and slow the spread of the coronavirus. This is helpful scrutiny of the government's plans. Yet if the government goes ahead with its proposed contact-tracing application it is essential that the processing of large amounts of personal data by the state, even if…
DIGITAL AGE+2Unity and Diversity in National Understandings of the Rule of Law in the EU (Reconnect deliverable 7.1)
4th May 2020
The working paper aims to show that the rule of law is not only one amongst the few overarching constitutional principles that can together be regarded as undergirding all legal systems in Europe, but it is also a constitutional principle whose core meaning is consensual and well-defined. The paper submits that there is now a broad legal consensus in Europe on the core meaning of this principle, its minimum components, and how it relates to other key values such as democracy and respect…
CITIZENSHIP+2Coronavirus Amendment Regulations: The Government’s dubious response to the ‘out out’ defence
27th April 2020
Maintaining public confidence in the Government's response to the pandemic matters. Trust will drain away if we are not given the full story about amendments to the coronavirus legislation restricting our movements. The Rule of Law requires full disclosure. The comedian Micky Flanagan has a routine about being 'out out' . The central gag is that he only went 'out' to do a bit of shopping, but was waylaid by a friend and ended up in a nightclub for the evening. But he wasn't…
GOVERNMENTCovid-19: When is a rule not a rule?
24th April 2020
There has been some confusion over the extent of the Government's legal powers in the Covid-19 lockdown, and the precise status of a "rule". There is a difference between regulation and legislation. Voermans argues that legislation is the constitutionally authoritative form in which law is made by the state. Regulation is much broader and means any public intervention in a market or in society. Legislation means banning smoking in enclosed public spaces. Regulation includes the…
GOVERNMENT+1Parliament reopening will help the Government defeat COVID-19
21st April 2020
Parliament's work in scrutinising Government is never more important than in a crisis. Emergencies sound the hour of the executive , where it plays an essential role in coordinating and delivering urgent support; this has certainly been the case with COVID-19, with Ministers granted additional powers to mobilise a rapid response to the lethal danger posed by the virus. While it is clear that special measures are required to cope with this extraordinary situation, it is essential to the…
GOVERNMENT+1Hungary’s Coronavirus legislative response: indeterminate powers for an indeterminate period
27th March 2020
The UK's legislative response to Covid-19 has been enacted in great haste, and its impact on the Rule of Law will no doubt continue to be debated in the months to come. However, it is clear that the Coronavirus Act 2020 contains some important Rule of Law safeguards. It has a sunset clause , meaning it will expire after 2 years. It allows Parliament the possibility to review the Act after 6 months. The Secretary of State must lay reports before Parliament every 2…
GOVERNMENT+1Coronavirus Bill: A Rule of Law Analysis (Supplementary Report - House of Lords)
25th March 2020
Executive Summary The Coronavirus Bill is a response to a genuine public health emergency and contains the most sweeping powers ever taken by the UK Government outside of wartime. There is absolutely no doubt that the Government needs to take swift and bold measures to protect citizens, and that some of these measures will unavoidably impinge upon personal liberties in a drastic way. The role of Parliament in scrutinising these measures is even more important during an emergency. Neither…
GOVERNMENT+1Rule of Law Monitoring of Legislation - Coronavirus Bill
23rd March 2020
Executive Summary The Coronavirus Bill is a response to a genuine public health emergency and contains the most sweeping powers ever taken by the UK Government outside of wartime. There is absolutely no doubt that the Government needs to take swift and bold measures to protect citizens, and that some of these measures will unavoidably impinge upon personal liberties in a drastic way. The role of Parliament in scrutinising these measures is even more important during an emergency. Neither…
GOVERNMENT+1Tom Caygill and Jack Simson Caird: Constitutional Groundhog Day: The Post-legislative Review and Repeal of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
10th February 2020
The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (hereafter the FTPA) removed the Prime Minister's power to unilaterally trigger a general election, extinguished the Monarch's prerogative power to dissolve Parliament and established a system of fixed-term (or semi-fixed) five-year Parliaments. Section 7 of the Act, a government concession following intense scrutiny in the House of Lords, requires the Prime Minister to "make arrangements for a committee to carry out a review of the operation of this Act…
GOVERNMENT+1A majority government will not guarantee constitutional stability
27th November 2019
In UK general elections, the main political parties campaign to convince the electorate that they are deserving of a stable majority in the Commons. A stable majority is a pre-requisite to be able to deliver, via legislation, the policies promised in their manifestos. In this general election, each of the main parties are promising that they would use a majority to enact significant constitutional change to deliver their Brexit policies. In the Brexit context, this has led to a narrative that…
EUROPE+2The future of Europe (Bucharest)
Event Date: 31st October 2019
'The future of Europe' conference (Bucharest) Event - Tags Share Links Event - Timings and Location Overview Rule of Law backsliding in Central and Eastern Europe remains worrisome. Recently, the Venice Commission expressed serious concerns about ongoing judicial reform in Romania, while the European Commission has locked horns with Poland over Judicial appointments,…
GOVERNMENT+1Process of discovery
19th September 2019
What Brexit has taught us so far: with Parliament standing prorogued, the Commons Speaker gives a robust defence of Parliament's role as a check on executive 'malpractice' and pledges all the 'procedural creativity' necessary. On 12 September 2019, John Bercow MP, the Speaker of the House of Commons, delivered the Annual Bingham Lecture , entitled 'Process of Discovery: what Brexit has taught us (so far) about Parliament, Politics and the UK Constitution' to a packed Middle Temple Hall.…
EUROPE+2The Benn-Burt Extension Act: A roadblock to a No-deal Brexit?
16th September 2019
Introduction: Extension and the Rule of Law On 9 September, the EU (Withdrawal) (No.2) Act 2019 ('Benn-Burt Extension Act') received Royal Assent. The Benn-Burt Extension Act imposes a statutory duty upon the Prime Minister (if the relevant conditions are met) to request and accept an extension of the withdrawal negotiating period under Article 50(3) TEU. However, the Prime Minister has repeatedly stated that he will not request such an extension, ostensibly in clear conflict…
EUROPE+2Weekly Update
13th September 2019
On 12 September, the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Rt Hon John Bercow MP gave the Sixth Annual Bingham Lecture in Middle Temple Hall. The Speaker's Lecture was titled: 'Process of Discovery: What Brexit has taught us (so far) about Parliament, Politics and the UK Constitution'. The Speaker's lecture was live streamed and footage is available here . The lecture was covered by the Guardian, ITV news, the BBC, the Huffington Post and the Financial Times. The Speaker's lecture…
EUROPE+2Sixth Annual Bingham Lecture
12th September 2019
On 12 September, the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Rt Hon John Bercow MP gave the Sixth Annual Bingham Lecture in Middle Temple Hall. The Speaker's Lecture was titled: 'Process of Discovery: What Brexit has taught us (so far) about Parliament, Politics and the UK Constitution'. The Speaker's lecture was live streamed and footage will be available on our website in due course. The lecture was covered by the Guardian , ITV news , the BBC , the Huffington Post and the…
EUROPE+2In a Democracy the Rule of Law means Parliament is supreme over the Executive
3rd September 2019
Murray Hunt considers why the Rule of Law is relevant to the current constitutional confrontation between the UK Government and Parliament Whenever the political temperature rises dramatically, invocation of the Rule of Law is seldom far behind. It is frequently enlisted by both sides in a political dispute, as a high-minded weapon to deploy on political opponents. All too often it is used in a rhetorical way, to lend extra weight to a political argument that the other side are doing something…
EUROPE+2EU's rule-of-law blueprint: two out of three is not enough
31st July 2019
EU's rule-of-law blueprint: two out of three is not enough This was originally published by the EU Observer on 30 July 2019 There is plenty to welcome in the European Commission's blueprint for action on the rule of law, published this month in response to consultation. Of its three sections - promoting a rule of law culture, prevention and enforcement - the first is hard to fault. However, the other two both have significant gaps. In particular, the document fails to even discuss…
GOVERNMENTPrime Minister announces new Modern Slavery Centre to be led by the Bingham Centre
9th July 2019
Today the Prime Minister announced an ambitious new Policy and Evidence Centre on Modern Slavery to be led by the Bingham Centre The Prime Minister has today announced the investment of £10million of public funding from UK Research and Innovation's Strategic Priorities Fund to create an ambitious new Policy and Evidence Centre on Modern Slavery and Human Rights. The Centre's job will be to bring about a step change in our understanding of modern slavery and to transform the effectiveness…
GOVERNMENT+1NMIRFs: National Mechanisms for Implementation, Reporting, and Follow-Up
12th June 2019
The British Institute of International and Comparative Law (BIICL) provides informed, independent and practical legal ideas for a global community. Its high quality and respected work involves analysis and debate about contemporary issues on every continent, from its base in the heart of London's energetic and multicultural legal network. BIICL has been making an influential impact since its foundation in 1958, and it can trace its history even further back to 1894. It is one of the very…
GOVERNMENTAPPG on the Rule of Law: Data Processing and the Rule of Law
Event Date: 13th May 2019
EVENTS APPG on the rule of Law: Data Processing and the rule of law Event Details When government decisions are made about individuals' rights using data processing, it can be hard for an individual to know whether their data were accurate or processed correctly. Transparency and accountability in the adoption and operation of data processing and automated decision-making can help improve trust in such technology and enable it to function more effectively. This…
DIGITAL AGE+1The emergence and coming of age of National Mechanisms for Implementation, Reporting and Follow up
Ellis Paterson | 27th March 2019
This post first appeared in the URG Blog, republished here with kind permission. Co-authored by Marc Limon, Executive Director of the Universal Rights Group. One of the most promising yet least-studied and least-understood developments for the universal human rights 'project' (as Sir Nigel Rodley coined it) is the emergence and early development over the past three or four years of so-called 'national mechanisms for implementation, reporting and follow-up' (NMIRFs). These standing bodies,…
GOVERNMENTRosenstein's departure would test Americans' commitment to Rule of Law
Ulysses Smith | 1st October 2018
First published in The Hill on 1 October 2018 We may be about to arrive at the constitutional moment many Americans have been dreading for some time now A moment the founders of our country foresaw and sought to head off through the structuring of our constitutional system, but whose rich complexities they did not fully fathom. The moment represents a fork in the road for the nation, one no less decisive for our self-definition as Americans than were our responses to Pearl Harbor…
GOVERNMENTThe EU (Withdrawal) Bill, A Rule of Law Analysis of Clauses 1 - 6
21st February 2018
This Report sets out the Bingham Centre's Rule of Law analysis of clauses 1 to 6 of the EU (Withdrawal) Bill, to inform the House of Lords Committee Stage consideration of those clauses. The Bill's purpose is to protect the Rule of Law as the UK withdraws from the EU. It repeals the European Communities Act ("ECA"), the legal basis for EU law having effect and supremacy in UK law, with effect from the date of the UK's exit. However, it aims to ensure legal continuity, certainty and stability…
EUROPE+1Any reform to Official Secrets laws must protect public interest disclosures and open justice
Lawrence McNamara | 28th June 2017
This post first appeared on the Information Law and Policy Centre Blog (26 June 2017) and then on the Inforrm Blog (28 June 2017). Professor Lorna Woods (University of Essex); Dr Lawrence McNamara (Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law and University of York); Dr Judith Townend (University of Sussex) With the election now in the past, the wheels of government are beginning to grind again. While most eyes are on Brussels, it is important that the bright lights of Brexit do not draw attention…
GOVERNMENT+1Developing a Guide to Administrative Law for Civil Servants: From the UK to Kenya
Lucy Moxham, Jan van Zyl Smit | 17th May 2016
First published on the International Association of Constitutional Law blog, 17 May 2016. What are the benefits of providing civil servants with a guide to administrative law, and how are they best achieved? The Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law has been examining these questions at the suggestion of the Katiba Institute, an independent institute based in Nairobi. As part of its work to promote constitutionalism, the Katiba Institute has launched an initiative to develop an administrative…
GOVERNMENTDeveloping an Administrative Law Guide for Kenyan Public Servants
Lucy Moxham, Jan van Zyl Smit | 30th April 2016
What are the benefits of providing civil servants with a guide to administrative law, and how are they best achieved? Authors: Jan van Zyl Smit, Lucy Moxham The Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law has been examining these questions at the suggestion of the Katiba Institute, an independent institute based in Nairobi. As part of its work to promote constitutionalism, the Katiba Institute plans to develop an administrative law guide for the Kenyan civil service.Bingham Centre research…
GOVERNMENTSafeguarding the Rule of Law, Democracy and Fundamental Rights: A Monitoring Model for the European Union
Lucy Moxham, Justine Stefanelli | 15th November 2013
"The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail"(Article 2, Treaty on European Union (TEU)). Project Report Led by Justine Stefanelli and Lucy Moxham, the Report reviews…
GOVERNMENT
Retrospectivity & Access to Justice in the Litigation Funding Agreements (Enforceability) Bill [HL]
26th April 2024
The Litigation Funding Agreements (Enforceability) Bill [HL] received its First reading on 19 March and its Second reading on 15 April. It returns to the House of Lords on 29 April for Committee stage. This note considers the Bill and some of the key rule of law issues it raises, in particular the question of whether retrospective legislation can be justified in this case. Background The Litigation Funding Agreements (Enforceability) Bill [HL] seeks to address the impact of the UK Supreme…
GOVERNMENT+2